Relative Sea Level Trends for the Coastal Areas of Peninsular and East Malaysia Based on Remote and In Situ Observations

Absolute sea-level rise has become an important topic globally due to climate change. In addition, relative the vertical land motion in coastal areas can have a big societal impact. Vertical (VLM) Southeast Asia includes tectonically induced component: uplift and subsidence plate boundary zones where both Peninsular East Malaysia are located. this paper, trends (seismic cycle-induced) temporal changes across were investigated. To do so, data (1984–2019) from 21 tide gauges analyzed, along with subset (1994–2021) of nearby Malaysian GNSS stations. Changes absolute sea level (ASL) at these locations (1992–2021) also estimated satellite altimetry data. As first for Malaysia, combination ASL minus VLM was robustly used validate tide-gauge provide trend estimates based on common period 25+ years. A good match between remote situ estimations observed, especially (differences < 1 mm/year), when split time series distinguish different regimes that exist 2004 Sumatra–Andaman megathrust earthquake. south Thailand, post-seismic-induced negative increased by 2–3 mm/year Andaman Sea Malacca Strait coastlines since 2005. For validation shows higher differences (bias but poorer is significantly improved either not including after January 2014 or applying generic jump all Malay date onwards. Overall, present range 4 6 few regions showing up 9 human-induced subsidence.